Pausiku: Maguta Akanyura Mutsvina

Pakutanga kweRevolution yeIndustrial muzana remakore rechi19, maguta makuru akadai seLondon neParis akasangana nekuwedzera kwevanhu kwakanyanya, nepo zvivakwa zvemaguta zvakaramba zviri zveMiddle Ages. Marara evanhu, mvura yemumba, uye marara emunzvimbo dzekuurayira zvaiwanzoiswa mumadhireni akavhurika kana zvakananga munzizi dziri pedyo. Kugara kwe "varume vevhu rehusiku" kwakabuda kuti vabvise marara, asi zvakawanda zvavaiunganidza zvaingoraswa kure nerwizi.

Panguva iyoyo, Rwizi rweThames rwaishandiswa senzvimbo huru yemvura yekunwa muLondon uye senzvimbo huru yetsvina yakavhurika. Zvitunha zvemhuka, marara ari kuora, uye tsvina yevanhu zvaiyangarara murwizi, zvichivirisa uye zvichitutuma pasi pezuva. Vagari vakapfuma vaiwanzobika mvura yavo vasati vanwa, kana kuitsiva nedoro kana doro, nepo vanhu vepasi vakanga vasina imwe nzira kunze kwekushandisa mvura yerwizi isina mushonga.

MaCatalyst: Kunhuwa Kukuru uye Mepu yeRufu

Gore ra1858 rakava nguva yekuchinja kukuru nekutanga kwe "Great Stink". Zhizha rinopisa zvisingawanzoitiki rakaita kuti kuora kwezvinhu zvipenyu muThames kuwedzere, zvichiburitsa utsi hwakawanda hwehydrogen sulphide hwakafukidza London uye hwakatopinda mumaketeni eDzimba dzeParamende. Vamiriri veparamende vakamanikidzwa kufukidza mahwindo nejira rakanyoroveswa nelaimu, uye mafambiro eparamende akada kumira.

Panguva iyi, Dr John Snow akanga achiunganidza "mepu yerufu rwecholera" yava kuzivikanwa iye zvino. Munguva yekupararira kwecholera muna 1854 mudunhu reSoho muLondon, Snow akaita ongororo yesuo nesuo uye akatsvaga huwandu hwevanhu vakafa nepombi imwe chete yemvura yeruzhinji paBroad Street. Achiramba mafungiro aivepo, akabvisa mubato wepombi, mushure mezvo kupararira kwayo kwakadzikira zvakanyanya.

Pamwe chete, zviitiko izvi zvakaratidza chokwadi chakafanana: kusanganiswa kwemvura yakasviba nemvura yekunwa kwaikonzera kufa kwevanhu vazhinji. "Dzidziso yemiasma" yaitonga, iyo yaiti zvirwere zvaipararira nemhepo yakasviba, yakatanga kurasikirwa nekuvimbika. Humbowo hunotsigira kutapurirana kwemvura hwakaramba huchiwedzera uye, mumakumi emakore akatevera, zvishoma nezvishoma hwakachinja dzidziso yemiasma.

Chishamiso cheUinjiniya: Kuzvarwa kweChechi yePasi pevhu

Mushure meGreat Stink, London yakazopedzisira yamanikidzwa kuita chimwe chinhu. Sir Joseph Bazalgette vakapa hurongwa hukuru: kuvaka makiromita zana nemakumi matatu nemaviri emapaipi emvura akavakwa nezvidhinha pamhenderekedzo mbiri dzeThames, kuunganidza mvura yetsvina kubva muguta rose uye kuiendesa kumabvazuva kuti inorasirwa kuBeckton.

Chirongwa ichi chikuru, chakapedzwa kwemakore matanhatu (1859-1865), chakapa vashandi vanopfuura 30,000 uye chakashandisa zvidhinha zvinodarika mamiriyoni 300. Matuneri akapedzwa akanga akakura zvakakwana kuti ngoro dzaidhonzwa nemabhiza dzipfuure nepakati uye akazonzi "machechi makuru pasi pevhu" enguva yeVictorian. Kupedzwa kwehurongwa hwetsvina yeLondon kwakaratidza kuumbwa kwemitemo yemazuva ano yekubvisa mvura kubva mumakanzuru - kubva pakuvimba nekusanganiswa kwemvura nezvisikwa kuenda pakuunganidzwa kwemvura nekutonga.

Kubuda Kwekurapwa: Kubva Pakutamiswa Kuenda Pakucheneswa

Zvisinei, kutamiswa kuri nyore kwakangochinja dambudziko racho. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, matekinoroji ekutanga ekurapa mvura yakasviba akatanga kuoneka:

Muna 1889, fekitari yekutanga pasi rose yekuchenesa mvura yakasviba inoshandisa mvura yemakemikari yakavakwa muSalford, UK, ichishandisa munyu we lime ne iron kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakanyungudutswa.

Muna 1893, Exeter yakaunza sefa yekutanga inoyerera kubva muzvinhu zvipenyu, ichipfapfaidza mvura yakasviba pamusoro pematombo akapwanyika uko mafirimu ehutachiona aiparadza zvinhu zvipenyu. Iyi sisitimu yakava hwaro hwehunyanzvi hwekurapa zvinhu zvipenyu.

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, vaongorori vepaLawrence Experiment Station muMassachusetts vakaona tsvina yakawanda inoyerera, ine utachiona hwakawanda ichiumbwa panguva yekuedza kwenguva refu kwemhepo. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza kugona kunoshamisa kwekuchenesa tupukanana uye, mukati memakore gumi akatevera, kwakashanduka kuita nzira inozivikanwa yekubvisa tsvina.

Kumuka: Kubva paRombo Rakanaka Kuenda kuKodzero yeVeruzhinji

Tichitarisa shure panguva iyi yekukura, shanduko nhatu huru dzinoonekwa:

Mukunzwisisa, kubva pakuona hwema hwakaipa sechinhu chinonetsa kusvika pakuona mvura yakasviba semugumisiro wechirwere chinouraya;

Mukutarisira, kubva pakupa mabasa emunhu oga kusvika pakuzvidavirira kwevanhu kunotungamirwa nehurumende;

Muhunyanzvi, kubva pakubuda kwetsvina kusvika pakuunganidzwa nekurapwa.

Kuedza kwekutanga kwekugadzirisa zvinhu kwaiwanzoitwa nevanhu vepamusoro avo vaitambura zvakananga nekunhuwa uku - nhengo dzeparamende yeLondon, maindasitiri eManchester, nevakuru vemadhorobha eParis. Asi pazvakava pachena kuti cholera haina kusarura vanhu verudzi rumwe chete, uye kuti kusvibiswa kwacho kwakadzokera kune munhu wese, masisitimu emvura yetsvina everuzhinji akarega kuva sarudzo yetsika uye akava chinhu chinodiwa kuti munhu ararame.

Manzwiro: Rwendo Rusina Kupedzwa

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, chizvarwa chekutanga chezvishandiso zvekuchenesa mvura yakasviba chakatanga kushanda, zvichinyanya kubatsira maguta makuru munyika dzakabudirira. Zvisinei, chikamu chikuru chevanhu pasi rose chakanga chichiri kurarama chisina hutsanana hwakakosha. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, hwaro hwakakosha hwakanga hwaiswa: budiriro haingotsanangurwi nekukwanisa kwayo kugadzira pfuma chete, asi nebasa rayo rekutarisira marara ayo.

Nhasi uno, takamira mumakamuri ekudzora akajeka uye akarongeka, tichitarisa data richiyerera pamasikirini edhijitari, zvakaoma kufungidzira kunhuwa kunodzipa kwaimbovepo parwizi rweThames makore 160 apfuura. Asi ndiyo nguva iyoyo chaiyo, yakaratidzwa netsvina nerufu, iyo yakakonzera kumuka kwekutanga kwevanhu muhukama hwavo nemvura yakasviba - shanduko kubva pakutsungirira kusina hanya kuenda kuhutongi hunoshanda.

Chivako chega chega chemazuva ano chekuchenesa mvura yakasviba chinoshanda zvakanaka nhasi chinoenderera mberi nekuchinja uku kweinjiniya kwakatanga munguva yeVictorian. Zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kuseri kwenzvimbo yakachena kune kushanduka kwetekinoroji kunoramba kuripo uye pfungwa yekugara iine mutoro.

Nhoroondo inoshanda semashoko ekufambira mberi. Kubva kumapombi emvura emuLondon kusvika kunzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekuchenesa mvura, tekinoroji yakachinja sei mugumo wemvura yakasviba? Muchitsauko chinotevera, tichadzokera kune zvatiri kuita pari zvino, tichitarisa matambudziko anoshanda uye miganhu yetekinoroji yekubvisa mvura mumadhorobha, uye toongorora kuti mainjiniya emazuva ano anoramba achinyora mapeji matsva murwendo urwu rusingaperi rwekuchenesa.